Under the NPP, the title of the utility that develops and operates the industrial waste control ordinance is which type of authority?

• A. Governance
• B. Management
• C. Regulatory
• D. Control

Answer: (D)

Under the NPP framework, authorities are delineated by function: who governs, who manages, who regulates, and who controls. When a utility both develops and operates an industrial waste control ordinance, it is exercising the power to direct and enforce behavior within its system. That focus on enforcing compliance with specific rules and ensuring that practices align with the ordinance is what defines control authority. It isn’t just setting policy at a high level (governance), nor is it simply managing day-to-day operations (management), nor issuing broad regulatory rules for external bodies (regulatory). Instead, the role centers on applying and upholding the ordinance through implementation, monitoring, and enforcement, which is the essence of control.